{"id":32,"date":"2024-10-07T05:15:29","date_gmt":"2024-10-07T05:15:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pelestest.thepoint-agency.com\/?post_type=colectie&#038;p=32"},"modified":"2024-12-19T12:50:13","modified_gmt":"2024-12-19T10:50:13","slug":"armura-de-turnir","status":"publish","type":"colectie","link":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/","title":{"rendered":"Tournament Armor"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"32\" class=\"elementor elementor-32\" data-elementor-post-type=\"colectie\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-422db433 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"422db433\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a0f0d59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a0f0d59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Detached from the fairy tales with knights and beautiful ladies, the  tournaments  appeared in the Middle  Ages.  Based on using the lance by the heavy cavalry, the tournament become a sport towards the end of this period, remaining popular in the 16th century only among the German and English nobility. \nThis confrontation between the knights was interrupted for a period of time in France, after the accidental death of the king Henry II, in 1559.\nIf at first the tournament was a hard training method practiced by the cavalry in order to be prepared for war, in the 12th and 13th centuries, with the evolution of ,,chivalry\u2019\u2019 the tournaments are considered the greatest expression of a knight\u2019s manhood and honor, giving him the chance to demonstrate his abilities as warrior and his physical strength in front of his masters but especially, in front of their wives, hoping to get some favours.\nOrganized into teams of combatants or individual, between two knights, the competitions took place respecting a specific code and requiring a whole ceremony and rules established with the same rigour as the chivalric code. These confrontations were taking place on important occasions becoming the attraction of the day till the end of the 16th century. \nThe tournaments between two knights on horseback (equestrian tournaments)  moving towards each other with the highest speed represent the competition in which the goal is to defend the opponent by penetrating the armour or by knocking him off the horse with the help of the lance. Winning such a competition requires a perfect symbiosis between strength and the abilities of the knight and the horse training. \nFrom the sources it is clear that the weapons used in tournaments were initially the same as those used in war: swords, spears and maces. Most of the time, the competition meant the gradually use of the weapons: the first fight between knights required the use of the lances; if they were destroyed in the first confrontation and the forces proved to be equal in the second fight, they used the maces.   If one of the combatants was falling from the horse, this one was the loser but if both of them were falling from the horse but they were not bad injured, then the fight continued with the swords (pedestrian tournaments) till one of them was injured.      \nThe armours used in tournaments were the same as those used in combat, made of metal plates and chained male plates ,,tailored\u2019\u2019 for each combatant in order to protect his body against the opponent\u2019s blows. As the weapons used in competitions became more and more sharper, by the 15th more effective armours were necessary. They were shaped on the body and covered the fighter entirely. The armours made in this period were used exclusively for parades and tournaments because on the battle field they became ineffective with the advent of the fire arms. \nThe armours were made so they could be easily put on as well as to mount on horseback without any help.  That meant a good overlapping of the metal plates, especially in the areas corresponding to the joints.  A knight\u2019s armour weight is about 25 to 30 kg but because it is well distributed over the body is not difficult to wear it at is seems. The knight\u2019s tournament armour has the plates which protect the left side of the body, considered to be the most vulnerable in the competition between two right-handed combatants, bigger and  thicker and  has a hook on the chest to support the spear.\nThe armour for horse protects the head and the front of the body and it is made of multiple narrow plates that are connected to each other by leather straps fixed in rivets. The saddle blanket is made of textile material, sometimes decorated with heraldic motifs.   \nThe armours used for parades are decorated with various decorative motifs: floral or geometrical motifs, heraldic symbols or characters, using specific metal working techniques: au-r\u00e9pousse, engraving, niello etc.   The armours made for crowned heads were personalized and richly decorated without neglecting their functionality. Often, various accessories (like silk and pearls embroidered handkerchiefs) were attached to the armours honouring the ladies they fought for or to disguise themselves because  loving or saving a lady from the high society were serious reason for the knights to risk their lives.\nMaking and assembling the armours represented the main preoccupation at that time, benefiting by the financial support of the great leaders of the time thus contributing to the development of a real art. The most sophisticated and impressive armours were made for Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459 \u2013 1519), Henry VIII (1491- 1547) and Charles I of England (1600 \u2013 1649), Francis I of France (1494 \u2013 1547) and Wladislaw II Jagiello  of Poland (1362 \u2013 1434). The most famous armories were those in Germany (Augusburg,  N\u00fcrnberg  and Passau), England (Greenwich) and Italy (Milan) and the most skilled masters, really artists, were Kolman Helmschmid from Augsburg and Lucio Piccinino from Milan.  \nA special place in the evolution of the armory is occupied by the Emperor Maximilian I for both the development of manufactures and for innovations brought to the armour thus creating a style called maximilian.  A great admirer of tournament, Maximilian I, also called \u2018\u2019The last knight\u2019\u2019 transformed this sport into a competition dedicated to  elites, he himself participating in 64 royal competitions. Having this experience and wanting to theorize this sport, the Emperor decided to write a book, unfortunately unfinished, entitled \u2018\u2019Freydal\u2019\u2019. The most important innovation of the Maximilian style is the presence of  flutings that played a role in deflecting the points and blades of assailants and increasing the structural strength of the plates. Two famous armourers, Kolman Helmschmidt from Augsburg and Konrad Seusenhofer from Innsbruck, received the title as ,,Armourer to the Court\u2019\u2019\u00a0 during Maximilian\u2019s reign. \nThe complete harness for horse and horseman from the collection of Peles National Museum is supposed to have been brought by King Carol I from his father\u2019s collection of Sigmaringen castle and it is to be found in the Austrian Julius Sche\u00fcrer\u2019s catalogue of weapons, chapter II \u2013 European weapons- \u2018\u2019Harnesses\u2019\u2019.  Hired by the king especially for this purpose, Julius Sche\u00fcrer will elaborate Verzeichnis der Waffensammlung Seiner Majest\u00e4t K\u00f6nig  Karl von Rum\u00e4nien , which remain only as manuscript, a catalogue with several folders that follow the traditional division of the collection: ceremonial weapons, hunting weapons, fire weapons, white weapons and armours. The folders are each containing a drawing which meticulously shows all the details of the pieces. As an appendix to the catalogue Sche\u00fcrer also wrote the Register zum Inventar Waffensammlung im dem Rumanische Konigsschlosse Peles (Wien 1913). \nAccording to Sche\u00fcrer\u2019s catalogue, the equestrian armour for tournament consists of: the armour for knight and the armour for horse together with a lance for tournament and an oblong mace. The whole ensemble is mounted on a wooden mannequin to put the armour for the knight and a plaster mannequin to put the armour for the horse.  \nThe armour for the knight is complete and consists of: a helmet type armet for the protection of the head and the armour for body composed of: a wide lump made of two flared steel plates, the cuirass formed of breastplate and the protection for the back with rolled edges which presents flutes on the entire surface. On the right side of the breastplate, fixed in rivets, is a lance rest. In order to protect the upper part of the body, the armour has two gardbraces, two tassets made of five mobile plates, two complete brassards and two couters and   a gauntlet for the left hand, with separate fingers composed of small, articulated pads and a large cuff to protect the hand. \nFor the lower limbs of the rider are provided two cuisseses together with two poleyns; in order to protect the calf are provided two semi-cylindrical graves articulated with hinges and finished with ,,bear \u2013 paw\u2019\u2019 sabatons made of leather and riveted plates called lames.\nThe strap for the spear is passed over the knight\u2019s waist made of thick leather and is worn on the right side (for right-handed) or on the left side (for left-handed). \nThe armour for the horse consists of a chanfron made of four riveted steel plates, the sides being cut on the contour of the horse\u2019s head and two ears\u2019 openings with metal protections as well as two hemispherical visors; the criniere - ,,lobster \u2013tail\u2019\u2019 type - consists of articulated and riveted metal plates.\nThe peytral is made of three curved and riveted with leather trapezoidal steel plates; the   massif croupiere  is made a multiple metal plates.    \nThe thick leather sadle presents two high metal arches and is paded with leather that continues over the sadle and has cut-out ends with geometrical motifs and stylized heraldic lily.  The  bridle is made of thick leather  and partially covered in metal protections. \nAccording to Sche\u00fcrer\u2019s catalogue, the equestrian armour is about 500 years old  and was probably used in tournaments because the metal presents old mechanical deformations caused by sharp or blunt objects. The armour is restored and exhibited in the Armoury Hall of the Peles castle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":9637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categorie-colectie":[293],"tag-obiect-colectie":[302,308],"class_list":["post-32","colectie","type-colectie","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","categorie-colectie-colectia-de-arme","tag-obiect-colectie-argint","tag-obiect-colectie-otel"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Armur\u0103 de turnir &#183; Peles Test<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/\",\"name\":\"Armur\u0103 de turnir &#183; Peles Test\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dc9b5de5-5d47-423d-af03-3326e51cf061.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-10-07T05:15:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-12-19T10:50:13+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dc9b5de5-5d47-423d-af03-3326e51cf061.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dc9b5de5-5d47-423d-af03-3326e51cf061.png\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":3840,\"caption\":\"Armur\u0103 de turnir, tip Maximilian I, pentru cavaler \u0219i cal\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Acas\u0103\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Colectii\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/colectii\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Armur\u0103 de turnir\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/\",\"name\":\"Peles Test\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Muzeul Pele\u0219\",\"alternateName\":\"MP\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Logo.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Logo.svg\",\"width\":251,\"height\":48,\"caption\":\"Muzeul Pele\u0219\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Armur\u0103 de turnir &#183; Peles Test","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/","url":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/","name":"Armur\u0103 de turnir &#183; Peles Test","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dc9b5de5-5d47-423d-af03-3326e51cf061.png","datePublished":"2024-10-07T05:15:29+00:00","dateModified":"2024-12-19T10:50:13+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dc9b5de5-5d47-423d-af03-3326e51cf061.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/dc9b5de5-5d47-423d-af03-3326e51cf061.png","width":2560,"height":3840,"caption":"Armur\u0103 de turnir, tip Maximilian I, pentru cavaler \u0219i cal"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/colectie\/armura-de-turnir\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Acas\u0103","item":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Colectii","item":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/colectii\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Armur\u0103 de turnir"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#website","url":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/","name":"Peles Test","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#organization","name":"Muzeul Pele\u0219","alternateName":"MP","url":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Logo.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Logo.svg","width":251,"height":48,"caption":"Muzeul Pele\u0219"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/colectie\/32","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/colectie"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/colectie"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/colectie\/32\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17390,"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/colectie\/32\/revisions\/17390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9637"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"categorie-colectie","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categorie-colectie?post=32"},{"taxonomy":"tag-obiect-colectie","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag-obiect-colectie?post=32"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}