{"id":8698,"date":"2024-10-08T11:59:10","date_gmt":"2024-10-08T11:59:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pelestest.thepoint-agency.com\/armura-ecvestra\/"},"modified":"2024-10-08T11:59:10","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T11:59:10","slug":"armura-ecvestra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thewebdevpoint.com\/ro\/patrimoniu\/armura-ecvestra\/8698\/","title":{"rendered":"Armura Ecvestra"},"content":{"rendered":"

[stag_toggle style=”normal” title=”Detalii despre pies\u0103” state=”closed”]ARMUR\u0102 ECVESTR\u0102 DE TURNIR (TIP MAXIMILIAN)
atelier german, \u00bd sec. XVI
o\u0163el; lemn; piele; ipsos; material textil; p\u0103r de cal; os[\/stag_toggle]<\/p>\n

Desprinse din pove\u015ftile cu cavaleri c\u0103l\u0103ri \u015fi domni\u0163e cu crinoline, turnirele au ap\u0103rut \u00een Evul Mediu \u015fi au reprezentat dintotdeauna o competi\u0163ie din care ie\u015fea inving\u0103tor cel mai viteaz, care era \u00eentotdeauna \u015fi preferatul nostru. Bazat pe folosirea lancei de c\u0103tre cavaleria grea, turnirul s-a transformat \u00eentr-un sport c\u0103tre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul acestei perioade, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd popular numai \u00een r\u00e2ndul nobilimii din Anglia \u015fi Germania, \u00een timpul secolului al XVI-lea. \u00cen Fran\u0163a, aceat\u0103 confruntare \u00eentre cavaleri a fost \u00eentrerupt\u0103 pentru o perioad\u0103 de timp, dup\u0103 moartea accidental\u0103 a regelui Henric II, din anul 1559.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 la \u00eenceput turnirele reprezentau o metod\u0103 dur\u0103 de antrenament pentru r\u0103zboi practicat\u0103 de cavalerie, \u00een secolele al XII-lea \u015fi al XIII-lea, odat\u0103 cu dezvoltarea \u201ccavalerismului\u201d, turnirele sunt considerate cea mai mare expresie a b\u0103rb\u0103\u0163iei \u015fi onoarei unui cavaler, care avea astfel ocazia de a demonstra abilit\u0103\u0163ile de lupt\u0103tor \u015fi puterea sa fizic\u0103, at\u00e2t st\u0103p\u00e2nilor, dar mai ales, doamnelor lor, \u00een speranta ob\u0163inerii unor favoruri.<\/p>\n

Organizate pe echipe de combatan\u0163i, sau individuale, \u00eentre doi cavaleri, \u00eentrecerile se desf\u0103\u015furau dup\u0103 un anumit cod, care impunea un \u00eentreg ceremonial \u015fi reguli stabilite cu aceeasi rigoare ca a codului cavaleresc. Aceste confrunt\u0103ri aveau loc cu ocazia unor evenimente importante, devenind cea mai mare atrac\u0163ie a zilei, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XVI-lea.<\/p>\n

\"\"Turnirele \u00eentre doi cavaleri c\u0103lare (turnire ecvestre), care se deplaseaz\u0103 unul c\u0103tre cel\u0103lalt \u00een cea mai mare vitez\u0103, reprezint\u0103 competi\u0163ia \u00een care se urm\u0103re\u015fte \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea oponentului prin penetrarea armurii sau dobor\u00e2rea acestuia de pe cal, cu ajutorul lancei. Pentru a ca\u015ftiga un astfel de concurs, trebuia s\u0103 existe o combina\u0163ie perfect\u0103 \u00eentre for\u0163a \u015fi abilit\u0103\u0163ile c\u0103l\u0103re\u0163ului, antrenamentul \u015fi dresajului calului, toate \u00eentr-o simbioz\u0103 perfect\u0103, devenit\u0103 uneori letal\u0103.<\/p>\n

Armele de turnir erau cele folosite \u00een lupte: spade, l\u0103nci si buzdugane care, la \u00eenceput nu erau ascu\u0163ite, dar mai t\u00e2rziu, pentru a imprima dramatism \u00eentrecerii \u015fi pentru testarea curajului cavalerilor, erau preg\u0103tite ca pentru un r\u0103zboi real. De cele mai multe ori, \u00eentrecerea presupunea folosirea gradat\u0103 a armelor: prima competi\u0163ie \u00eentre cavaleri c\u0103l\u0103ri avea loc cu utilizarea lancei; dac\u0103 acestea se distrugeu la prima confruntare \u015fi for\u0163ele se dovedeau a fi egale, se trecea la \u00eentrecerea cu buzduganele; dac\u0103 unul dintre combatan\u0163i c\u0103dea de pe cal, acesta pierdea lupta, dar dac\u0103 am\u00e2ndoi c\u0103deau de pe cal \u015fi nu erau r\u0103ni\u0163i grav, atunci lupta continua cu spadele (turniruri pedestre), pan\u0103 la r\u0103nirea unuia dintre competitori.<\/p>\n

Armurile de turnir folosite la \u00eenceputuri erau cele de lupt\u0103, manufacturate din pl\u0103ci metalice \u015fi ap\u0103r\u0103tori din zale metalice \u00eempletite, \u201ccroite\u201d pe m\u0103sura fiec\u0103rui combatant, menite s\u0103-i protejeze corpul de loviturile adversarului. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce armele folosite \u00een competi\u0163ii au devenit din ce \u00een ce mai ascu\u0163ite, din secolul al XV-lea au fost necesare armuri mai eficiente, formate din pl\u0103ci metalice, modelate pe corp \u015fi care acopereau aproape \u00een \u00eentregime lupt\u0103torul. Armurile executate \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, precum \u015fi \u00een secolul al XVI-lea erau folosite exclusiv pentru parad\u0103 \u015fi turnire, deoarece deveniser\u0103 caduce pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103, dup\u0103 apari\u0163ia armelor de foc.<\/p>\n

\"\"Armurile erau executate astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 permit\u0103 purtarea lor cu usurin\u0163\u0103, precum \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103lecarea pe cal, f\u0103r\u0103 nici un ajutor, ceea ce \u00eensemna o foarte bun\u0103 suprapunere a pl\u0103cilor metalice componente, mai ales \u00een zonele corespunz\u0103toare articula\u0163iilor. Greutatea unei armuri de cavaler este cuprins\u0103 \u00eentre 25-30kg, \u00eens\u0103 fiind distribuit\u0103 pe \u00eentreaga suprafa\u0163\u0103 a corpului, ea nu este greu de purtat, precum pare la prima vedere. Armura de turnir pentru cavaler, prevede ca pl\u0103cile care protejeaz\u0103 partea stang\u0103 a corpului, considerat\u0103 mai vulnerabil\u0103 \u00een \u00eentrecerile \u00eentre cavaleri dreptaci, s\u0103 fie mai mari \u015fi mai groase, iar pe plato\u015f\u0103 este prev\u0103zut un suport \u00een form\u0103 de c\u00e2rlig, pentru sprijinirea lancei \u00een repaus.<\/p>\n

Armura pentru cal protejeaz\u0103 capul \u015fi partea anterioar\u0103 a corpului, fiind format\u0103 din pl\u0103ci multiple \u00eenguste, care sunt legate \u00eentre ele cu benzi din piele fixate in nituri, ce permit culisarea lor \u00een timpul mersului. Valtrapul, care se a\u015faz\u0103 sub \u015faua c\u0103l\u0103re\u0163ului \u015fi c\u0103tre crupa calului, este confec\u0163ionat din material textil imprimat, de obicei, cu motive heraldice.<\/p>\n

Armurile de parad\u0103 sunt ornamentate cu motive decorative diverse: florale, geometrice, insemne heraldice, sau personaje, folosind tehnici specifice prelucrarii metalelor: presare (au-r\u00e9pousse), gravare, niello etc. Executate la comand\u0103 special\u0103, pentru capete \u00eencoronate, ele sunt personalizate \u015fi deosebit de decorative, f\u0103r\u0103 a neglija \u00eens\u0103 func\u0163ionalitatea.<\/p>\n

De multe ori, la \u0163inutele complete ale cavalerilor, se ata\u015fau diferite accesorii (batiste brodate cu m\u0103tase \u015fi perle, banderole colorate etc.) \u00een onoarea doamnelor pentru care luptau, sau pentru a se deghiza, \u00eentruc\u00e2t \u00een perioada romantic\u0103, iubirea \u015fi salvarea onoarei unei domni\u0163e din \u00eenalta societate, reprezentau motive serioase pentru care cavalerii meritau s\u0103-\u015fi ri\u015fte via\u0163a.<\/p>\n

Confec\u0163ionarea \u015fi asamblarea armurilor reprezenta o preocupare deosebit\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, care a beneficiat de sprijinul financiar al marilor conduc\u0103tori de state \u015fi imperii, contribuind astfel la apari\u0163ia \u015fi apoi dezvoltarea unei adev\u0103rate arte. Cele mai sofisticate \u015fi impresionante armuri au fost executate pentru personalit\u0103\u0163i istorice ca Maximilian I (1493-1519) \u2013 \u00cemp\u0103ratul Sf\u00e2ntului Imperiului Roman de origine Germanic\u0103), Henric VIII (1491 \u20131547) \u2013 Regele Angliei, Charles I (1600-1649) \u2013 Regele Angliei, Francisc I (1494-1547) \u2013 Regele Fran\u0163ei, Wladislaw II Jagiello \u2013 Regele Boemiei \u015fi Ungariei, mort \u00een 1516. Cele mai renumite armurerii au fost cele din Germania (Augsburg, N\u0171remberg, Passau), Anglia (Greenwich) \u015fi Italia (Milano), iar me\u015fterii cei mai pricepu\u0163i, care au creat o adevarat\u0103 art\u0103 din aceast\u0103 meserie \u015fi un stil propriu \u00een executarea \u015fi decorarea lor: Kolman Helmschmid din Augsburg \u015fi Lucio Piccinino din Milano.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00cemp\u0103ratul Maximilian I (1459-1519) ocup\u0103 un loc aparte \u00een evolu\u0163ia armureriei at\u00e2t pentru dezvoltarea manufacturilor c\u00e2t \u015fi pentru inova\u0163iile \u00een confec\u0163ionarea armurilor, care au determinat crearea unui \u201cstil maximilian\u201d. Mare admirator al turnirului, Maximilian a transformat acest sport \u00eentr-o competi\u0163ie dedicat\u0103 elitelor, el \u00eensusi particip\u00e2nd la 64 de competi\u0163ii regale, duc\u00e2nd arta acestei lupte cavalere\u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een secolul al XVI-lea, r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd astfel cunoscut \u00een istorie drept \u201cUltimul cavaler\u201d. Av\u00e2nd aceast\u0103 experien\u0163\u0103 \u015fi dorind s\u0103 teoretizeze acest sport, Imp\u0103ratul \u015fi-a propus s\u0103 scrie o carte intitulat\u0103 \u201dFreydal\u201d, r\u0103mas\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 neterminat\u0103. Cea mai important\u0103 inova\u0163ie \u00een realizarea armurilor (pentru cavaler, dar \u015fi pentru cal) o reprezint\u0103 prezen\u0163a nervurilor pe suprafa\u0163a pl\u0103cilor componente, menite s\u0103 deflecteze arma oponentului \u015fi totodat\u0103 s\u0103 m\u0103reasc\u0103 rezisten\u0163a materialului. Pe timpul domniei sale, doi me\u015fteri renumi\u0163i au fost \u00eenvesti\u0163i drept \u201carmuriei ai Cur\u0163ii\u201d de c\u0103tre Maximilian I \u015fi anume Kolman Helmschmid din Augsburg \u00een anul 1491 \u015fi Konrad Seusenhofer din Innsbruck \u00een 1504.<\/p>\n

Armura ecvestr\u0103 de turnir din colec\u0163ia Muzeului National Pele\u015f se presupune c\u0103 a fost adus\u0103 de c\u0103tre regale Carol I din colec\u0163ia tat\u0103lui s\u0103u, de la castelul Sigmaringen \u015fi figureaz\u0103 \u00een catalogul armelor \u00eentocmit de austriacul Julius Sche\u0171rer, la capitolul II, dedicat armeor europene \u2013 \u201cHarna\u015famente\u201d. Angajat de rege cu acest scop, Julius Sche\u00fcrer elaboreaz\u0103 c\u0103tre 1914, Verzeichnis der Waffensammlung Seiner Majest\u00e4t K\u00f6nig Karl I von Rum\u00e4nien, lucrare r\u0103mas\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 \u00een manuscris, care cuprinde mai multe mape ce urm\u0103resc \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irea tradi\u0163ional\u0103 a colec\u0163iei: arme de parad\u0103, arme de v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u015fi de lupt\u0103, arme de foc, arme albe si armuri de cavaleri. Fi\u015fele sunt \u00eenso\u0163ite fiecare de c\u00e2te un desen \u00een peni\u0163\u0103, care red\u0103 cu meticulozitate toate detaliile pieselor. Ca o anex\u0103 la catalog, Sche\u00fcrer a mai scris \u015fi un Register zum Inventar der Waffensammlung in dem Rum\u00e4nischne K\u00f6nigsschlo\u00dfe Pelesch (Wien 1913).<\/p>\n

Armura ecvestr\u0103 de turnir se compune din armura de cavaler \u015fi armura pentru cal, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu o lance de turnir \u015fi un buzdugan de obl\u00e2nc, conform catalogului Sche\u00fcrer. Tot ansamblul este montat pe manechine, din lemn pentru cavaler \u015fi ipsos pentru cal.<\/p>\n

Armura pentru cavaler este complet\u0103 \u015fi cuprinde o casc\u0103 tip \u201carmet\u201d pentru protejarea capului \u015fi armura pentru corp, care are \u00een componen\u0163a sa un grum\u0103jer lat, format din dou\u0103 pl\u0103ci din o\u0163el evazate, cuirasa format\u0103 din pieptar \u015fi sp\u0103tar cu margini roluite, care prezint\u0103 pe toat\u0103 suprafa\u0163a nervuri (caneluri) de oprire, iar pe partea dreapt\u0103 a pieptarului este fixat \u00een nituri un suport de sus\u0163inere a l\u0103ncii \u00een \u015farj\u0103, \u00een form\u0103 de c\u00e2rlig.<\/p>\n

Pentru protejarea p\u0103r\u0163ii superioare a corpului cavalerului, armura este prevazut\u0103 cu dou\u0103 braconiere fixate de cuiras\u0103, dou\u0103 tasete formate din cinci lame mobile, dou\u0103 spaliere simetrice, cu suprafa\u0163a lis\u0103, cu margini roluite \u015fi nituite, dou\u0103 brasarde complete, formate din armura pentru bra\u0163 \u015fi armura pentru antebra\u0163 si dou\u0103 cotiere rotunjite, cu pl\u0103cu\u0163e articulate. O m\u0103nu\u015f\u0103 de m\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103, cu degete separate, compuse din pl\u0103cu\u0163e mici, articulate \u015fi cu man\u015fet\u0103 lung\u0103 asigura protec\u0163ia m\u00e2inii.<\/p>\n

Pentru membrele inferioare ale c\u0103l\u0103re\u0163ului, sunt prev\u0103zute dou\u0103 armuri de coaps\u0103, semicilindrice, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu dou\u0103 genunchiere bombate, rotunjite, terminate cu dou\u0103 aripioare pentru protejarea articula\u0163iei; pentru protejarea gambei sunt prev\u0103zute jambiere si moletiere, de form\u0103 semicilindric\u0103, articulate cu balamale, terminate cu sabo\u0163i de tip \u201cpicior de urs\u201d, forma\u0163i din pl\u0103cu\u0163e articulate cu nituri \u015fi piele.<\/p>\n

Peste talia cavalerului este trecut\u0103 cureaua pentru tocul de sus\u0163inere a l\u0103ncii, care este confec\u0163ionat din piele groas\u0103, de form\u0103 cilindric\u0103, \u015fi se poart\u0103 pe partea dreapt\u0103 (pentru dreptaci), sau pe st\u00e2nga (pentru st\u00e2ngaci).<\/p>\n

Armura pentru cal cuprinde un fruntar format din patru pl\u0103ci din o\u0163el, fixate \u00eentre ele cu nituri, cele laterale fiind decupate pe conturul capului calului si dou\u0103 orificii pentru urechi, cu protec\u0163ii metalice, precum si dou\u0103 viziere semisferice, grilajate; ap\u0103r\u0103toarea g\u00e2tului este format\u0103 din pl\u0103ci metalice articulate cu nituri \u015fi piele, tip \u201ccoad\u0103 de rac\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ap\u0103r\u0103toarea pentru piept este compus\u0103 din trei pl\u0103ci din o\u0163el, de form\u0103 trapezoidal\u0103, curbate, fixate cu nituri, \u015fi cu margini roluite \u015fi ap\u0103r\u0103toarea de crup\u0103 care este masiv\u0103, modelat\u0103 pe conturul calului, format\u0103 din mai multe pl\u0103ci din o\u0163el.<\/p>\n

\u015eaua din piele groas\u0103, prezint\u0103 dou\u0103 arcade metalice \u00eenalte si este c\u0103ptu\u015fit\u0103 cu piele care se prelunge\u015fte \u00een afara \u015feii \u015fi prezint\u0103 termina\u0163ii decupate, cu motive geometrice \u015fi crin heraldic stilizat. Fr\u00e2ul este confec\u0163ionat din piele groas\u0103 \u015fi par\u0163ial acoperit cu protec\u0163ii metalice.<\/p>\n

Conform catalogului Sche\u00fcrer, armura ecvestr\u0103 are o vechime de aproximativ 500 de ani \u015fi probabil a fost folosit\u0103 \u00een turnire, deoarece metalul prezint\u0103 deform\u0103ri mecanice, din vechi, provocate de obiecte ascu\u0163ite sau contondente. Ansamblul se caracterizeaz\u0103 prin precizia \u015fi acurate\u0163ea realiz\u0103rii fiec\u0103rei p\u0103r\u0163i componente a armurilor de cavaler \u015fi de cal, dar mai ales prin asamblarea acestora, form\u00e2nd un tot unitar \u015fi cu continuitate a nervurilor de oprire; marginile, bordate cu nituri \u015fi roluite, asigur\u0103 o termina\u0163ie estetic\u0103 armurii, dar \u015fi o ranforsare suplimentar\u0103; p\u0103r\u0163ile componente metalice, cu suprafa\u0163a lis\u0103, sunt decorate simplu \u015fi sobru, au-repouss\u00e9, cu motive florale (spalierele); pielea care c\u0103ptu\u015fe\u015fte \u015faua prezint\u0103 prelungiri decupate cu motive vegetale \u015fi crin heraldic stilizat, conferindu-i un aspect decorativ dar si functional, d\u00e2nd astfel un plus de valoare piesei \u00een \u00eentregime.<\/p>\n

Armura ecvestr\u0103 de turnir, de tip maximilian, este restaurat\u0103 \u015fi este expus\u0103 \u00een Sala mare de arme, de la parterul Castelului Pele\u015f.<\/p>\n

Daniela Voitescu, muzeograf<\/small><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[stag_toggle style=”normal” title=”Detalii despre pies\u0103” state=”closed”]ARMUR\u0102 ECVESTR\u0102 DE TURNIR (TIP MAXIMILIAN)atelier german, \u00bd sec. XVIo\u0163el; lemn; piele; ipsos; material textil; p\u0103r de cal; os[\/stag_toggle] Desprinse din pove\u015ftile cu cavaleri c\u0103l\u0103ri \u015fi domni\u0163e cu crinoline, turnirele au ap\u0103rut \u00een Evul Mediu \u015fi au reprezentat dintotdeauna o competi\u0163ie din care ie\u015fea inving\u0103tor cel mai viteaz, care era […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[268,259],"tags":[150],"class_list":["post-8698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arme-si-armuri","category-patrimoniu","tag-colectia-de-arme-si-armurijulius-scheurer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nArmura Ecvestra · Peles Test<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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